Relative Clause, Modal Auxiliary Permission, Because and So

6.1.                      Relative Clause

Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. Here are some examples:

·                     Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week?

·                     Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?

·                     A notebook is a computer which can be carried around.

·                     I won't eat in a restaurant whose cooks smoke.

·                     I want to live in a place where there is lots to do.

·                     Yesterday was a day when everything went wrong!

* There is a relative pronoun whom, which can be used as the object of the relative clause. For example: My science teacher is a person whom I like very much. To many people the word whom now sounds old-fashioned, and it is rarely used in spoken English.

Relative pronouns are associated as follows with their preceding noun:

Preceding noun	Relative pronoun	Examples
a person	who(m)/that, whose	- Do you know the girl who .. - He was a man that .. - An orphan is a child whose parents ..
a thing	which†/that, whose	- Do you have a computer which .. - The oak a tree that .. - This is a book whose author ..

Note 1: The relative pronoun whose is used in place of the possessive pronoun. It must be followed by a noun. Example: There's a boy in grade 8 whose father is a professional tennis player. (There's a boy in grade 8. His father is a professional tennis player.)

Note 2: The relative pronouns where and when are used with place and time nouns. Examples: FIS is a school where children from more than 50 countries are educated. 2001 was the year when terrorists attacked the Twin Towers in New York.

Some relative clauses are not used to define or identify the preceding noun but to give extra information about it. Here are some examples:

• My ESL teacher, who came to Germany in 1986, likes to ride his mountain bike.
• The heavy rain, which was unusual for the time of year, destroyed most of the plants in my garden.
•    Einstein, who was born in Germany, is famous for his theory of relativity.
•  The boy, whose parents both work as teachers at the school, started a fire in the classroom.
•  My mother's company, which makes mobile phones, is moving soon from Frankfurt to London.
• In the summer I'm going to visit Italy, where my brother lives.

Note 1: Relative clauses which give extra information, as in the example sentences above, mustbe separated off by commas.

Note 2: The relative pronoun that cannot be used to introduce an extra-information (non-defining) clause about a person. Wrong: Neil Armstrong, that was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon. Correct: Neil Armstrong, who was born in 1930, was the first man to stand on the moon.

There are two common occasions, particularly in spoken English, when the relative pronoun is omitted:

1. When the pronoun is the object of the relative clause. In the following sentences the pronoun that can be left out is enclosed in (brackets):

·         Do you know the girl (who/m) he's talking to?

·         Where's the pencil (which) I gave you yesterday?

·         I haven't read any of the books (that) I got for Christmas.

·         I didn't like that girl (that) you brought to the party.

·         Did you find the money (which) you lost?

Note: You cannot omit the relative pronoun a.) if it starts a non-defining relative clause, or, b.) if it is the subject of a defining relative clause. For example, who is necessary in the following sentence: What's the name of the girl who won the tennis tournament?

2. When the relative clause contains a present or past participle and the auxiliary verb to be. In such cases both relative pronoun and auxiliary can be left out:

·         Who's that man (who is) standing by the gate?

·         The family (that is) living in the next house comes from Slovenia.

·         She was wearing a dress (which was) covered in blue flowers.

·         Most of the parents (who were) invited to the conference did not come.

·         Anyone (that is) caught writing on the walls will be expelled from school.

6.2.          Modal Auxiliary Permission

a.       We use can to ask for permission to do something:

·         Can I ask a question, please?

·         Can we go home now?

b.      could is more formal and polite than can:

·         Could I ask a question please?

·         Could we go home now?

c.       may is another more formal and polite way of asking for permission:

·         May I ask a question please?

·         May we go home now?

d.      We use can to give permission:

·         You can go home now if you like.

·         You can borrow my pen if you like.

e.       may is a more formal and polite way of giving permission:

·         You may go home now, if you like.

f.       We use can to say that someone has permission to do something:

·         We can go out whenever we want.

·         Students can travel free.

g.      may is a more formal and polite way of saying that someone has permission:

·         Students may travel free.

6.3.          Because and So

Because is a subordinating conjunction. It shows the cause. So is a coordinating conjunction. It shows the effect.

We can combine two clauses using because and so.

Study the example given below.

Susie didn’t attend the party. She was not invited.

We can combine these two clauses in two different ways.

Susie didn’t attend the party because she was not invited.
Susie was not invited, so she did not attend the party.

Source :

http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/relative.htm

https://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/modal-verbs/ability-permission-requests-and-advice

http://www.englishgrammar.org/because-and-so/